various policies by OECD countries focusing on work-family balance, pension reform, employment policies, and immigration … policies against aging have succeeded only when they are combined in an effective manner with work-family balance, pension …

-person households, a decrease in families with a spouse or children under 6 years old, and an increase in dual-earner households, have … caused an increase in medical expenses, education and training costs, and expenses for household services, which are …

balance of work and family life. However, one should be careful in designing the parental leave since there is a tradeoff …