In this paper an attempt is made to outline the views on the transformation of the former GDR formulated in the German scientific literature. Due to the limited scope of the paper and the magnitude and complexity of the phenomena, discussion is limited to the most important and most...

The study attempts to develop the concept of using the idea of constructed and spontaneous economic order in the analysis of system transformation process of the former German Democratic Republic. The paper consists of six parts and ends with conclusions. In the first introductory part, an...

English Abstract:Catalonia is one of the richest regions in Spain. Until the outbreak of the international financial and economic crisis in 2008, it enjoyed a phenomenal economic boom – which then turned into a very severe depression, from which the region began to exit only in 2014....

Polish Abstract: Szczakowa to dzielnica południowej Polski, średniej wielkości miasta Jaworzno. Dziś jest to teren raczej zapomniany, zdewastowany i zmarginalizowany. Nie zawsze tak było. Kiedyś Szczakowa była jedną z najbardziej prężnych wsi i miasteczek w Galicji Zachodniej i...

I estimate a single factor model of Swiss exchange rates during World War I for five of the primary belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war these nations suspended convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the...