English Abstract:The article aims to analyse selected components of one of the tools of orderly restructuring and liquidation of financial institutions, namely the conversion of equity or debt write-down tool (bail-in). The presented breakdown shows the variety of approaches to defining bail-in...

English Abstract: Poland's structural deficit is one of the largest in the EU. While other Member States are taking action to reduce their deficits, the Polish government has not only introduced costly projects, but has also announced additional projects that will further aggravate the state of...