Coping with the uncertainties of future outcomes is a fundamental theme in finance in a stochastic environment. In the field of stochastic programming, which grown from the traditions of linear and quadratic programming, constrains on future outcomes have commonly been relaxed to the penalty...

Until the fall of 2008, Iceland was described as a prosperous nation, with a very high standard of living. The island's favourable economic situation and the opening in 2006 of the labour market to nationals of the new member states of the European Union caused a large flow of Polish immigrants...

The global financial crisis of the years 2008-2010 led to a situation, where long-term mistakes and negligence in the area of fiscal policy, on the one hand may threaten the financial stability of chosen economies of the European Union, as it is exemplified by the threat of bankruptcy of Greece,...