This paper shows estimates of the optimal level of foreign reserves for Brazil between the first quarter of 2004 and the third trimester of 2012, by applying the new Jeanne e Rancière (2011) framework, using different scenarios. The estimates of the optimal holdings of this asset are calculated...

The real exchange rate (RER) can be considered one of the most important relative price of economics, given the influence it exerts on many other prices and variables, and may be overvalued, among other factors, as a symptom of the existence of a Dutch disease process. Thus, seeking to prove...

This study aims to examine the theoretical literature concerning exchange-rate and balance-of-payments determination, in order to investigate how an exchange rate change may affect one country's foreign trade flows. Therefore, we analyze the different categories of balance-of-payments models –...

This paper shows estimates of the optimal level of foreign reserves for Brazil between the first quarter of 1998 and the same trimester of 2008, by applying the Jeanne e Ranciére (2006) framework, using different scenarios. We also estimate the fiscal costs of holding this asset, as well as the...

A new state debt cycle occurred mainly through external and contracted credit operations with federal banks from 2008, after a long period with few loans and debt stock fall. It is argued that exogenous macroeconomic factors were essential in the downward trend of the debt in the early 2000s,...

This article estimates fiscal costs derived from the federal government industrial policy between 2004 and 2016. We focus on the measurement of "tax expenditures", something inedited in Brazilian economic literature on the subject. We also analysis tax exemptions that, for legal reasons, are not...

This text aims to describe the pharmaceutical sector in Brazil using information from the satellite health account (CSS) and, based on this information, to discuss aspects related to the development and production of medicines in the country. In this work, the pharmaceutical sector is defined as...