Given the gap in the literature regarding equity analyses in the water industry, the objective of this paper is to evaluate whether or not income-related equity considerations are embodied in water supply tariffs, in the Portuguese municipalities. Essential minimum quantities of water are...

Using a factor decomposition of the Gini coefficient we measure the contribution to inequality of direct monetary transfers to and from the Brazilian State. Among the transfers from the State are wages of public workers, pensions and social assistance; the transfers to the State are direct taxes....

The text presents estimate of the tax incidence, especially the indirect one, on the income of families according to data from the last Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) of 2017-2018. For this purpose, the values of the taxes on income and equity calculated in the survey are used, as well as...

Using a factor decomposition of the Gini coefficient we measure the contribution to inequality of direct monetary transfers to and from the Brazilian State. Among the transfers from the State are wages of public workers, pensions and social assistance; the transfers to the State are direct taxes....

The text presents estimate of the tax incidence, especially the indirect one, on the income of families according to data from the last Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) of 2017-2018. For this purpose, the values of the taxes on income and equity calculated in the survey are used, as well as...

Due to the growing importance of environmental policies in the United States of America and the European Union, including the impact on international trade, the authors propose a comparative analysis of the rules and institutions that govern the environmental issue in these two actors. After...

Deforestation is considered a highly undesirable practice due to the destruction of local biomes and its effects on global warming. Governments around the world are seeking to adopt measures to control this activity and the international trade in wood and derivatives. Brazil, with the second...

This study examines the importance of Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) in increasing Brazilian fruit exports. The adherence of producers to VSS is crucial due to the sensitivity of these products to quality, food safety, and sustainability, especially for accessing developed importing...

The objective of this study is to verify the advantages and challenges of increasing certified cotton production and to analyze whether meeting the certification requirements guarantees Brazil access to the world market. As a way of answering these questions, data on the cotton production chain...

This article documents the presence of foreign firms in the sectors of energy and strategic minerals of the Brazilian economy. For this purpose, it was employed the information provided by the Brazilian Federal Revenue Office on it. The results indicated little importance for foreign companies....