Starting with Lehman Brother’s demise in September 2008, the Brazilian real fell 42% vis-à-vis the US dollar. Such large exchange rate depreciation would typically cheer exporters up. However, it was later found that many export firms, including multibillion dollar ones, had suffered large...

Over the last two decades, almost all countries in the world have experienced a noticeable process of liberalization and deregulation. This process has both motivated and propelled changes in the very competitive dynamics of the banking industry. Therefore, various OECD countries have changed...