This paper examines the importance of geographic distance for the occurrence of knowledge flows between countries and how this importance has been changing over time. The main channels for knowledge flows are presented and an econometric analysis conducted with a focus on knowledge flows...

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the regional impacts of the National Family Farming Program (PRONAF in the Portuguese acronym) between 2000 and 2010, using the econometric instrumental panel data models with fixed effects. The approach combined impact assessments at various regional scales...

This article verifies the different effects of legal repression over homicide rates across Brazilian states. We analyze the impacts of two different kinds of legal repression: incapacitation (rate of individuals serving time in jail in relation to 100,000 inhabitants) and deterrence (rate of...