The economic literature that studies the salary gaps between men and women produced by children. However, there may … also be wage gaps between women with children and women without children, which is known as a motherhood wage penalty and … penalty and when correcting for selection bias it persists. When evaluating by number of children, it is observed that …

differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with … development in early childhood across countries, and steep socioeconomic gradients within every country. For the three countries … where we can follow children over time, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. Our results …