The recent developments in the euro area have shown how important it is that the various economic sectors pay attention to their financial positions. In the literature, the approach to analyse these positions is often partial, focusing on the government sector or just on the gross debt, as in...

This is the 2007 Edition of the only book in print in the world about the Single Global Currency, and is the only book in the world priced in 143 currencies (down from 147 in the 2006 edition.).This number is significant, as it's the number of currencies required among the 192 U.N. members to...

The rapid increase in international trade and financial integration over the past decade and the growing importance of emerging markets in world trade and GDP have inspired the IMF to place stronger emphasis on multilateral surveillance, macro-financial linkages, and the implications of...

The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade flows was examined by a 1984 IMF study on G-7 countries. Over the past two decades, many developments in the world economy, such as the currency crises in the 1990s and increasing cross-border capital flows, may have exacerbated exchange rate...

Many studies have attempted to uncover empirical regularities in how countries choose their exchange rate regimes. We survey previous studies showing that, taken as a whole, the literature is inconclusive. Drawing on a large dataset with many potential explanatory variables and a variety of...

In the public and academic discussion on the payment system TARGET2, the high claims and liabilities of some euro area countries have mostly been associated with the financial crisis. The implicit assumption that TARGET2 balances would be close to zero without the financial crisis is both...

Abstract. This paper reviews the economic situation of European countries that today are in deep external debt crisis and drew close to financial default, that can be announced by the foreign creditors and investors who can not for some reason get in time or on demand their money (the principal...

The article looks at the disparity of views among experts regarding the growth of the “Euro-dollar market”. Contradictory explanations have been offered by various authors on the sources and uses of these funds. On one side of the spectrum is the idea that Euro-dollar deposits are the result...

A The lesson from the past is tough, but undeniable: All currency unions that were not anchored in state like political structures were wrecked sooner or later. This became the outcome when the economic development of participating countries began to drift apart, and the internal contradictions...

The article looks at the disparity of views among experts regarding the growth of the “Euro-dollar market”. Contradictory explanations have been offered by various authors on the sources and uses of these funds. On one side of the spectrum is the idea that Euro-dollar deposits are the result...