Article proposes comparative studies of credit ratings of the leading Russian and international rating agencies. We analyze approaches and the possibility of comparison of agencies’ rating scales. Purpose of this analysis is to propose method and describe the criteria for comparison of rating...

We take a decision-theoretic view on the question of how to use instrumental variables and method of moments. Since prior beliefs play an inevitably strong role when instruments are possibly "weak", or when the number of instruments is large relative to the number of observations, it is...