Three original microeconomic models of an externality market are described: (1) model of the marketable permits for exhalations emission, (2) model of optimal financial satisfaction of a damage caused by a negative externality in the economy with agents maximizing probability of their survival...

European Union Member States share a common vision of how society should be organised, which is different from other parts of the world. This has come to be known as the European Social Model. According to the widely shared policy consensus in international organisations, one would expect that...