In an earlier essay (North, 1981, Ch. 3) I developed a “Neo-Classical Theory of the State”. This essay elaborates, extends and modifies that essay in three directions: 1. It incorporates time into the model; 2. It is explicitly concerned with the perceptions –the belief systems? that...

One of the most controverted subjects in the literature on innovation management is the extent to which these processes can be controlled and planned. This literature has evolved from a rational position in which the innovation processes are the result of rational decisions, deliberate and...

This paper discusses the economic crises in Spain, from the Great Depression to current recession. Institutional economics offers the theoretical framework for identifying and analyzing the institutions and the rules of the game that have triggered or aggravated the economic crises. This work...

The aim of this paper is to examine the birth of FEDECÁMARAS (1944) as an expression of an institutional change in Venezuela. FEDECÁMARAS creation was the result of a historical conflict between the state and the private sector between 1936 and 1944. This conflict was generated by two ways of...