. Old coins were declared invalid and had to be exchanged for new ones at a priori announced dates and fees. This tax was … cheating and using old coins is sufficiently high …

have earlier been catalogized as royal coins …

volume of coins in circulation combined with a geographical currency restraint. Renewals worked best in relatively … fineness, bracteates minting, and small currency areas.The number of circulating coins and the degree of monetization increased … recoinage far more difficult to enforce and administrate. Bracteates were thus finally replaced by long-lived, two-faced coins …

coins that have ever been minted. Despite the fragility, the bracteates dominated the coinage system in large parts of … between bracteate and two-sided coins as time-limited coins in central Europe is also analyzed, as well as the role that …

.English abstract: In medieval Sweden (1150–1520), similar coin types were minted as in continental Europe: bracteates, two-faced coins … time-limited coins, which is tested on Swedish conditions …

fees and dates. The recoinages were systematic and recurring, i.e. periodic. A common exchange fee was four old coins for …