Two changes happened in 1998 that affect pension planning in a Swedish municipality. In the first place, there were changes in laws that affect accounting for pensions: Accrued pension rights that have been earned from 1998 have to be entered as a liability in the balance sheet. Pension rights...

Swedish Abstract: Sverige är ett av de OECD-länder som har högst grad av statligt finansierad FoU (0,84 procent av BNP i Sverige, jämfört med 0,6 procent i OECD). Fördelningen av forskningsmedel är ett viktigt politiskt styrmedel och det är angeläget att begränsade resurser används...

Due to the unobservability of the new credit production, most of the empirical loan market studies use, instead, the observable credit stock. This substitution has been pointed out to be likely to generate biases (e.g. see Lown and Peristiani (1996)). In this paper, we show that under quite...