This study has used a cross-sectional, 'bottom-up' design to determine the cost to society of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sweden in 1998. The total cost of MS was estimated at 4 868 MSEK, meaning an annual cost of 442 500 SEK per patient. Direct costs accounted for about 67% of total cost, and...

Due to the unobservability of the new credit production, most of the empirical loan market studies use, instead, the observable credit stock. This substitution has been pointed out to be likely to generate biases (e.g. see Lown and Peristiani (1996)). In this paper, we show that under quite...