derived from patents or intellectual property rights to be taxed at a significantly lower tax rate than ordinary corporate tax … of patent boxes (innovation boxes) is that they provide incentives to commercialize patents (intellectual property rights …). Another purpose behind the patent boxes is to attract companies to locate the ownership of patents in the host country, so …

&D productivity, create internationally competitive universities and direct R&D to sectors that serve the public interest. Scientists …

English Abstract: The effects of university research on growth and productivity are difficult to quantify, but can be … analyzed how often private patents cite research articles and how large a proportion of business products are completely …

English Abstract: Patents and copyright provide incentives for the creation and commercialization of new products and … lifespan, low cost and many applications. Therefore, the length of software patents should be shortened and the protection …