This paper provides an overview of the key economic factors that shape tax policy reform in many high-income countries, developing countries, and/or transition economies. The paper describes and evaluates global and regional developments with respect to tax rates and revenue ratios over the last...

This paper addresses two fundamental issues in indirect tax design. It first revisits the case for reduced rates on items especially important to the poor, establishing conditions under which even very crudely targeted spending measures better serve their interests. It then explores the welfare...

Issues of taxation and development, which have long been a central concern of the IMF, have attracted wider and renewed interest in the last few years. This paper reflects on three broad lessons of experience: that developing countries differ vastly in tax matters, and in ways that are less than...

The fractal properties of some segments of the global commodity derivatives market have been investigated in the present article. The fractal nature of segments of oil and copper derivatives markets has been determined. The presence of speculative reference groups of investors on given segments...

The economic confidence level is expressed by managers that are active in significant economic sectors. The financial markets consider these economic confidence indicators as leading instruments that can point the direction of the real economy. The level of trust in the economy is important...

The world is changing; a new dominant economic logic appears. What we can see now is that this change doesn’t seem to come from economic leaders, it comes from emergent economies like BRICS Group or the “4 Asian Tigers”. The European Union economic links with those groups are more and more...

A good liability management strategy is one that helps minimize the cost of borrowing over the medium and long term. The objective is not to save the last basis point in each transaction, but rather to bring down the overall borrowing cost. This paper uses Argentina's experience to illustrate...

Compared with the previous researches giving scattered and qualitative discussions about the exchange rate expectation China's foreign exchange reserves (FER), this paper conducted an empirical research by adding the exchange rate expectation. Starting from the evolution path of RMB exchange...

We evaluate the forecasting performance of three competing models for short-term macroeconomic forecasting: the traditional unrestricted VAR, Bayesian VAR, and Factor Augmented VAR. Using quarterly Armenian macroeconomic variables from 1996 to 2014, we estimate parameters of the three models....

The aim of this work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the influence of factors on the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Firstly, the basic theoretical and empirical models of the real exchange rate are studied, key factors of its short- and long-term changes are identified, including...