In this paper, we estimate the long-run equilibrium relationship between money balance as a ratio of income and the Treasury bill rate for the period of 1965:02 to 2007:01, and, in turn, use the relationship to obtain welfare cost estimates of inflation. Using the Johansen (1991, 1995)...

In 1963, Nobel Laureate, Robert Mundell (1963) argued that the demand for money could depend on the exchange rate, in addition to income and interest rate. In this paper, we argue that, in addition to the exchange rate itself, its volatility could also serve as another determinant of the demand...

To account for currency substitution, most studies today include exchange rate as a determinant of the demand for money, in addition to income and interest rate. This tradition goes back to Robert Mundell who introduced this notion in 1963. In this paper, we demonstrate that the failure to find...

The literature on causality takes contradictory stands regarding the direction of causal relationships based on whether one uses temporally aggregated or systematically sampled data. Using the relationship between a nominal target and the instrument used to achieve it, as an example, we show...