returns to education in Sudan. Our results confirm two stylized facts: first, the incidence of significant gender gap in … education in Sudan and second, the incidence of gender inequalities and gap in skill level, share of women in economic … gender in Sudan. Our findings at the micro level imply that the slight gender gap or difference in the rate of return to …

and Development's definition of Science and Technology (S&T) indicators (OECD, 1997) to discuss S&T development in Sudan … inadequate economic structures mean that Sudan lags behind the leading developing countries in terms of S&T input … economic development, adaptation to imported technologies and development of local technologies in Sudan. …

economic development in Sudan. One advantage of our analysis in this paper is that we provide a more comprehensive analysis … in Sudan. We explain that the various positive impacts of oil and the opportunities for enhancing development in Sudan …, the recent heavy dependence on it, may lead to negative impacts and serious challenges for the Sudan since oil is an …

IPRs in Sudan. We find that the inadequacy of IPRs protection in Sudan is attributed to low integration in the … industry and lack of coordination. The inadequate IPRs protection in Sudan leads to poor national system of innovation …, hindering FDI and hindering transfer of technology. The factors contributing toward enhancing IPRs in Sudan include promotion of …