The aim of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between saving and investment for 6 Middle East and North African Countries for the period 1980-2008. To this end, we use panel cointegration analysis and Error Correction Model techniques. The long run estimation reveals causality...

This paper explores the relationship between trade openness and energy consumption using data of 91 high, middle and low income countries. The study covers the period of 1980-2010. We have applied panel cointegration and causality approaches for long run and causal relationship between the...