This paper discusses the merits and limits of the recent European energy policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions, devoting particular attention to the European trading system of carbon permits and to the measures that the European Union has adopted to promote renewable energy sources. From the...

China’s economic boom has brought about environmental dark sides, i.e., serious air, water, and solid waste pollutions. As the largest developing countries in the world, China’s road toward economic-environmental balance is even complicated since there are various regions of diversified...

The cleaning up costs after closure of chemical or nuclear plants are large. They have to be taken into account in the production costs and in the pricing of the corporate, owner of such plants. Moreover, it is necessary to create a reserve account to cover these future large and long term...