This article examines the relationship between works councils and the closure of manufacturing establishments in Germany. The relationship varies according to circumstances and type of establishment. For the subsample of single-establishment firms, the estimates show that works council presence...

I develop a theory to explain why workers want restrictive work rules, those that induce wages to be paid for non-productive labor hours, and why competition reduces them. Work rules allow workers to maintain both high levels of employment and wages. They generate a fixed payment that transfers...

We study gender differences in exiting competitive environments by exploiting the “naturalistic experiment” of a TV game show where participants were self-selected and there were no gender-specific constraints or discrimination. In multiple rounds, contestants answer general knowledge...

En 2011, 48% des risk managers prennent leurs fonctions dans le cadre d’une création de poste. La proportion de directeurs du développement durable ayant pris leurs fonctions dans le cadre d’une création de poste l’année suivante est voisine. Ces chiffres sont la quantification d’un...

The following section are included:IntroductionWhat Do Democratic Transitions Look Like?How Do Transitions Happen?What Makes Transitions Successful?ConclusionAppendixAcknowledgmentsReferences

The following section are included:IntroductionThe Single-Party Regime and Étatism (1923–1945)Transition to Multi-Party Regime (1946–1950)Infancy Phase of the Multi-Party Regime — Failure on Both Fronts (1950–1960)Multi-Party Regime on a Fragile PathTowards an Open Market EconomyThe...

The following section are included:IntroductionThe FrameworkSocial Order and Economic Conditions in Iran in Early 20th CenturyTransformation of Social Order under Reza ShahEconomic and Political Change under Mohammad-Reza ShahFormation of the Islamic Republic under Ayatollah...

The following section are included:IntroductionModel of Principal and AgentMethods of Fighting Corruption and Relevant EvidenceConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferences

The following section are included:IntroductionA Competition Enhancing Reform PackageThe Experience of TurkeyEvaluation: Trade-Offs and Challenges of Enhancing CompetitionConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences

The following section are included:IntroductionThe Establishment of Authoritarian Presidencies for LifeRepublican Presidents Become More MonarchicalPressures Within the Dictatorial Regimes that Account for Their OverthrowMajor Political and Administrative Problems Involved in the Development of...