after immigration, followed by family-based visa recipients, with refugees having the lowest proficiency. These differences … disappear by 3 1/2 years after immigration for speaking skills but they persist for reading and writing skills. The variables …

We examine the ability of male immigrants to transfer the occupational human capital they acquired prior to immigration … skill requirements of pre- and post-immigration occupations. We find that male immigrants to Canada were employed in source … immigration, they find initial employment in occupations that require the opposite. These discrepancies are both larger and more …

of Hispanic population growth on rural wages. The analysis combines approaches from earlier immigration-impact studies … shift factors and other area-specific factors that often are not included in immigration studies are important. Results …

immigration will be largest immediately upon the immigrants' arrival, and may become smaller as the labor market adjusts to the … supply shock. Conversely, if immigrants upon arrival are poor substitutes for natives, the initial effect of immigration is …