A port city's economy has historically depended upon its ability to adapt its port to political, economic, social, and technological changes. After the 1960s, many working ports adapted to containerisation by moving away from outdated infrastructure; public and private entities in some cities...

It is difficult to estimate the impact of geographic clustering on productivity because of endogeneity issues. I use birthplace-cluster distance as an instrumental variable for the incidence of clustering of prominent classical composers born between 1750 and 1899. I find that geographic...