This paper explores some of the links between changing age distributions in the affluent countries of Europe, North America and Asia (notably Japan), the growth in tourism to large developing countries, such as India, China and Brazil, and developments in the ways in which long haul...

There has been a perception that U.S. trunk airlines had an inherent cost advantage over smaller regional airlines because of economies of scale. We have formulated a general model of airline costs, which we estimate by using panel data on large and small airlines. Differences in scale are shown...