Two years have passed since the Bank of Japan introduced quantitative and qualitative monetary easing (QQE) in April 2013. This article considers attempts to assess the effects of QQE on Japan's economic and financial developments during this period. The start of the transmission mechanism of...

Inflation expectations have recently received increased interest because of the uncertainty created by the Federal Reserve’s unprecedented reaction to the Great Recession. The effect of this reaction on the real economy is also an important topic. In this paper I use various surveys to produce...