Mixed forest ecosystems show effects of risk compensation similar to diversified portfolios of stocks. Other than portfolios of stocks, the composition of long-lived forests cannot be adjusted at short notice to current market developments. Thus, the financial robustness of tree-species...

Addressing uncertainty is a key requirement to follow the principle of precaution in sustainable ecosystem management. The maximization of worst-case outcomes according to the "maximin" decision rule, based on the two parameters mean and variance of a financial indicator, is a prominent approach...