This paper considers testing for cross-sectional dependence in a panel factor model. Based on the model considered by Bai (Econometrica 71: 135–171, <CitationRef CitationID="CR3">2003</CitationRef>), we investigate the use of a simple <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$$F$$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> test for testing for cross-sectional dependence when the factor may be known or unknown. The...</equationsource></inlineequation></citationref>

This paper obtains the joint and conditional Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests for a spatial lag regression model with spatial auto-regressive error derived in Anselin (Reg Sci Urban Ecom 26:77–104, <CitationRef CitationID="CR5">1996</CitationRef>) using artificial double length regressions (DLR). These DLR tests and their corresponding LM...</citationref>