The paper considers the use of artiï¬cial regression in calculating different types of score test when the logâˆ'likelihood is based on probabilities rather than densities. The calculation of the information matrix test is also considered. Results are specialised to deal with binary...

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis – an inverted U-shape relation between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita – has become one of the ‘stylised facts’ of environmental and resource economics. This is despite considerable criticism on both...

In this paper, we apply time series techniques for panel data to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model. Within the literature that estimates emissions-income relations in the EKC context, little attention has been paid to the time series properties of the data and in particular to whether...