On the basis of recent theoretical developments of complex Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), this paper is aimed at shedding light on the new aspects of FDI determinants in MENA countries. An empirical application with a spatial panel data model shows that both bilateral and third-country FDI...

Using an innovative approach of following the downgrade or credit rating decisions by rating agencies, this paper develops an early-warning system of bank financial distress and critically evaluates the reliability and stability of the potential indicators or factors of banks in 13 emerging...