This paper furnishes robust evidence that the GATT/WTO has had a powerful and positive impact on trade. The impact has, however, been uneven. GATT/WTO membership for industrial countries has been associated with a large increase in imports estimated at about 40 percent of world trade. The same...

We propose an integrated method based on a two-sector small open economy dynamic and stochastic general equilibrium model to estimate non-tariff barriers and quantify the impact of services liberalization. The major component of trade barriers is explicitly modeled through the introduction of...

The objective of this paper is to empirically examine the determinants of bilateral trade of Macedonia, with particular emphasis on the trade with the EU and CEFTA-2006 countries. The standard Gravity model is used to measure the determinants of the bilateral trade in a panel framework. Results...

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most competitive sectors in the European Union. With its substantial investments in research and development, this industry represents a key asset for the European economy and a major source of growth and employment. However, despite the importance of...

The grape production chain has unique importance regarding to generate income and employment for many regional economies. However, in recent years, international trades in this sector, as well as the entire fruit sector, have been facing the imposition of various non-tariff measures, including...