There are two basic ways to produce steel on a large scale: using iron ore and coal in blast furnaces or employing ferrous scrap in electric arc furnaces. The first requires a larger initial investment but is more competitive in terms of scale gains. The disadvantage is the need for...

Steel is an alloy composed of iron and carbon for which there are two main large-scale production processes: using iron ore and coal as raw materials through a method known as integrated plants with blast furnaces and using iron scrap melted in electrical furnaces, also known as mini-mills or...

Determining the value of companies based on human capital is a growing challenge in an economy increasingly based on knowledge and services. Such companies also depend on the contribution of key people to generate value, especially at certain phases of their development. Based on a case study of...

Since the late 1990s, the Brazilian electric power industry has been undergoing significant structural changes, the main objective being to increase competition and attract private investment. Due to this, the National Electric Energy Agency has offered a large number of investment opportunities...

Wind energy has been negotiated in Brazil's regulated market through auctions organized by the government. Bilateral negotiations in the free market have been scarce. In 2011 wind farms were allowed to bid in ‘A minus 5 (A−5)' auctions, for energy with first delivery date 5 years ahead. This...