In Emile de Laveleye's demonstration that communal landholding was universally a characteristic of primitive societies, Henry George saw evidence of a golden age before the development of private ownership of land. Though he agreed with George that unequal access to land was a major cause of the...

The price of a lottery ticket consists of two components, the production cost of the ticket and an excise tax. This tax is an approximately constant proportion of ticket price and is fully shifted to the consumer. Hence the ratio of tax to income is a multiple of the expenditures-income ratio....