This article introduces a multi-level framework to structure and analyse FDI patterns. It is argued that three internationalisation strategies currently simultaneously shape the globalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): classical internationalisation, emerging internationalisation and...

The analysis of the literature on SMEs? internationalization enables to identify three main theoretical approaches according to the main explanation retained: stages approach, economic approach and network approach. The purpose of this article is to review and assess the impact and the limits of...

A substantial number of studies have extended the work on universal properties in physical systems to complex networks in social, biological, and technological systems. In this paper, we present a complex networks perspective on interfirm organizational networks by mapping, analyzing and...

We examine the allocation of scarce attention in team production. Each team member is in charge of a specialized task, which must be adapted to a privately observed shock and coordinated with other tasks. Coordination requires that agents pay attention to each other, but attention is in limited...

Shareholder valuations are economically and statistically positively correlated with more powerful independent directors, their power gauged by social network power centrality measures. Sudden deaths of powerful independent directors significantly reduce shareholder value, consistent with...

Network is often considered as a support of knowledge creation. We consider that two main forms of networks can be identified in the economy: horizontal and vertical. We propose to compare these networks according to the question of knowledge creation. The aim of this article is then to...

This paper uses data rather than costs as the unit of analysis to answer questions raised by Luigi Zingales (2000) searching for quot;new foundationsquot; in The Theory of the Firm. Any co-ordination between individuals requires communication of data to share information, knowledge and wisdom....

Internationalisation is a useful strategy to gain firm specific advantages during periods of technological discontinuity. The pharmaceutical industry offers us two such episodes as examples: when the antibiotics revolution was beginning and when the possibilities of genetic routes to new drug...

In the last few decades, SMEs have become increasingly active in international markets. SMEs do not necessarily follow a pattern of incremental internationalisation as they have a wide range of options and many are opportunistic. A large postal survey was conducted in five countries—the UK,...

One model of the internationalisation strategies of large MNEs is 'regional theory', which predicts the international diversification of MNEs as movement into proximate markets and low geographical spread. 'Regional theory' suggests that the majority of firms - both MNEs and smaller, local firms...