When delegating an investment decisions to a professional manager, investors often anchor their mandate to a specific benchmark. The manager’s exposure to risk is controlled by means of a tracking error volatility constraint. It depends on market conditions whether this constraint is easily...

Risk budgeting interpreted as efficient portfolio allocation is often based on expected outperformance, alpha or information ratio. Once these crucial parameters have been estimated, they are being treated as fixed. In this paper we develop some sense, both theoretical and practical, on the...

Risk budgeting interpreted as efficient portfolio allocation is often based on expected outperformance, alpha or information ratio. Once these crucial parameters have been estimated, they are being treated as fixed. In this paper we develop some sense, both theoretical and practical, on the...

Fund selection is an important issue for investors. This topic has spawned abundant academic literature. Nonetheless, most of the time, these works concern only active management, whereas many investors, such as institutional investors, prefer to invest in index funds. The tools developed in the...

We examine the performance of passively managed exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that provide exposure to global emerging markets equities. We find that the tracking errors of these funds are substantially higher than previously reported levels for developed markets ETFs. ETFs that use statistical...

Investors assign part of their funds to asset managers that are given the task of beating a benchmark. The risk management department usually imposes a maximum value of the tracking error volatility (TEV) in order to keep the risk of the portfolio near to that of the selected benchmark. However,...

Portfolio theory must address the fact that, in reality, portfolio managers are evaluated relative to a benchmark, and therefore adopt risk management practices to account for the benchmark performance. We capture this risk management consideration by allowing a prespecified shortfall from a...

Portfolio theory must address the fact that, in reality, portfolio managers are evaluated relative to a benchmark, and therefore adopt risk management practices to account for the benchmark performance. We capture this risk management consideration by allowing a prespecified shortfall from a...

Customer-driven orientation for continuous improvement is an essential element embedded in the service industry. Sales representatives stress the unique qualities of their products or services to emulate and improve upon existing and potential competitors resulted in making their customers...

Indian electricity sector constitutes a contrast - a highly sophisticated modern generation and transmission system, but a very poor distribution system in several utilities. Despite the realisation of the importance of the distribution sector, the performances of Indian distribution utilities...