In the context of the widespread adoption of flexible exchange rates, the purposes of this paper are, first, to go over the well-tilled ground of the principles of balance-of-payments adjustment, trying to interpret these principles in ways relevant to current conditions, and second to discuss...

This paper divides money created by banking systems into two separate components, corresponding to a classification of the services provided by banking systems. The model of division into the amounts of intermediation and pure liquidity creation has some implications that are different from...

The paper reviews the arrangements for meeting additional post-crisis demand for international liquidity. It distinguishes between reserve creation and reserve pooling as a basis for multilateral liquidity facilities; reserve pooling arrangements carry the risk that, in a general crisis, all the...

The enormous increase in the United Kingdom’s national debt during the two world wars of the twentieth century meant that government debt management, which had hitherto been regarded as a matter of ‘budgetary convenience’, acquired great macroeconomic significance. The paper examines and...