Using data for 70 countries in the 1980s, this study investigates the impact of socioeconomic and political characteristics of a country on the vulnerability of expenditure categories during budget cuts. Greater democracy is associated with less vulnerability of the social and productive sectors...

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won the 2005 presidential election promising economic justice and fairness. Throughout his eight-year presidency, he paid more attention to economic fairness and redistribution of wealth than had previous presidents, and he adopted several populist financial and fiscal...

In this study we investigate the magnitude of wage discrimination against women in the Iranian labor market by decomposing the male-female wage differential into differences in human capital and wage discrimination. We use the Oaxaca decomposition model in our econometric investigation. In our...