In Lazear's (1979) model of efficient long-term incentive contracts, employers impose involuntary retirement based on age. This model implies that age discrimination laws, which bar involuntary terminations based on age, discourage the use of such contracts and reduce efficiency. Alternatively,...

The question of the effects of race and sex discrimination laws on relative economic outcomes for blacks and women has been of interest at least since the Civil Rights and Equal Pay Acts passed in the 1960s. We present new evidence on the effects of these laws based on variation induced first by...

In this article, the authors summarize their 15 years of research on graduate education in economics in the United States. They examine all stages of the process, from the undergraduate origins of eventual economics PhDs to their attrition and time-to-degree outcomes. For PhD completers, the...

We describe the characteristics and labor market experiences of new agricultural and natural resource economics Ph.D.s. Women earned roughly 27% of the Ph.D.s earned during 1996-97 and 2001-02; 36% of the Ph.D.s awarded were earned by U.S. citizens. About half of the employed graduates found jobs...