In Australia consortiums will come together and create an initial design concept or sketch design at the public--private partnership (PPP) bid stage. If the bid is successful this initial design is then developed further. However, a winning bid may have been evaluated on financial criteria alone...

Empirical research comparing projects procured as public-private partnerships (PPPs) with other methods of procurement is important because Australian governments plan to spend $320 billion on infrastructure over the next decade and PPPs are perceived to be an appropriate form of delivery....