We estimate annual gravity equations for 1960-85 on a large sample, allowing us to identify time trends in the coefficients. Our results include the following: (1) The weight of exporter's supply has increased relative to importers' demand in explaining the long-run strong performancee of global...

Significant progress has been made in quantifying the effects of non-tariff measures since OECD commissioned its last major review of this topic in 1997. This paper reviews the literature of NTMs and assesses the different methods available. Additionally, the paper develops a series of questions...

Trade liberalization may promote economic growth in a number of ways, including by accelerating the rate of technological change. Firms that face more intense import competition may be spurred to greater rates of innovation; firms which export may absorb new technologies through their contact...

Many improvements have been proposed for the basic gravity model specification, most of which are confirmed by standard statistical tests due to the large number of observations often used to estimate such models. We use Monte Carlo experiments to examine situations in which features of models...

This paper presents a model in which politicians can increase the probability of election by making exaggerated claims about the benefits of their own platform--referred to as positive campaigning--and by exaggerating the undesirable characteristics of their rival--i.e., negative campaigning....

As multilateral negotiations focus more on reductions and removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs), the importance of quantifying the impact of these barriers has increased. Recent studies have derived ad valorem equivalents for NTBs for a large number of countries and/or products, but the...