Small and open economic systems like cities face specific challenges for greenhouse gas accounting. They typically import most of their energy requirements as secondary energy products based on conversion processes which caused emissions elsewhere. Emission estimates therefore already require...

Low-carbon decentralised energy technologies (DETs) have become increasingly popular in recent UK energy policy debates. Many of the technologies involved are well established, but it is only with their increased technical maturity and the imperatives of climate change, energy security and fuel...

Cities account for approximately two-thirds of global primary energy consumption and have large heat and power demands. CHP (combined heat and power) systems offer significant primary energy-efficiency gains and emissions reductions, but they can have high upfront investment costs and create...