[eng] Financial liberalisation has led to a large increase in the number of sources of finance for companies. The question is whether all companies have access to these various instruments. The aim of this article is to identify these characteristics as a function of size of company for the...

This paper intends to use a conceptual paradigm to discuss the ambiguity of corporate governance while issuing shares to maintain their capital adequacy for European cooperative banks. It thus provides theoretical evidence for the arbitrage between stakeholder and shareholder control for these...