China’s exceptional economic expansion has led to rising energy demand and pollution as well as other environmental … pressures. Strong efforts by the government have moderated emissions of some types of air and water pollution from high levels … other costs and reduce well-being. The 12th Five Year Plan aims at further reducing pollution and at other environmental …

This paper examines the relative merits of two dominant economic instruments for reducing pollution—”green” taxes and … other. In practice, however, most countries have relied more on taxes than on permits to control pollution. The analysis …