Pension reform is a key policy challenge in Russia. This paper examines how pension spending could increase in Russia in the absence of reforms, quantifies the impact of some recent proposals, and suggests some alternatives that would ensure public pension benefits - relative to wages - not fall...

Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience...

Pension reform is high on the policy agenda of many advanced and emerging market economies. In advanced economies the challenge is generally to contain future increases in public pension spending as the population ages. In emerging market economies, the challenges are often different. Where...

This report is the final deliverable (D11.1) of the workpackage on occupational case studies of the WORKS project (WP11 – Qualitative research – Case studies on changes in work - Impacts on the individual and the household). In this workpackage, 30 occupational case studies were achieved in...

Buildings account for about 40% of the final energy consumed in Germany and arguably offer both low-cost and large scale energy efficiency improvement potentials. The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) was recently introduced to capture this potential by providing information about the energy...

Executive Summary The German government aims to reduce primary energy demand by 80% until 2050 and heating demand by 20% until 2020. Besides the need for additional efforts to achieve these targets, Germany has already implemented a set of policies and programmes to increase investments in...

In the contemporary world, NGOs are considered as important tool for motivating the community. So they committed their true mission and the promotion of civic participation and strengthen social identities. Functional characteristics of non-governmental organizations are the element to leverage...

The aim of our research is to examine the new trends in the hybridity research area and clarify the convergence of interests among state actors, private actors and civil society actors. Hybridity is conceived as a ‘multidimensional phenomenon’ and ‘new paradigm’ in tourism industry. The...

Buzz marketing is becoming a more and more relevant topic. Yet, most research is descriptive and does not provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. To overcome this void, the paper provides a causal model of buzz marketing focusing on the motives of potential buzz agents and their effects...

Ambush marketing is becoming a more and more relevant topic. However, most research has remained descriptive. No study has yet considered the image effects of ambush marketing using a causal model. Thus, the present paper provides a causal model of ambush marketing focusing on cognitive and...