For many years, bus and railway companies in regional areas in Japan have been struggling to stop decreases in passenger numbers. Although motorization and the construction of road networks have caused declining ridership in public transportation, deregulation in the transportation industry has...

The paper examines the current account of 41 major airports. When we exclude depreciation costs, only seven airports are profitable. When depreciation is excluded, only three airports are making profits. Airports managed by local governments are very difficult to sustain financially without...

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to evaluate factors affecting passenger rail demand, with special attention to the effects of structural reform/regulation and competition. In order to do this, we use data obtained from 30 OECD countries for the 24 years from 1990 to 2013. As...

<title>Abstract</title> In October 2005, the Japan Highway Public Corporation was privatized and separated into three expressway companies. Three other public corporations were privatized as well: the Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation, the Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation and the Honshu‐Shikoku...

The main purpose of this study is to analyze structural separation policies, especially vertical (i.e. operation-infrastructure) and horizontal (i.e. passenger-freight service) separation. Using the total cost function of a railway organization, we evaluate whether or not vertical separation...

This chapter summarizes regulatory structure and reforms in the rail industry in non-European countries. I have selected four regions-East Asia, Oceania, North America, and the former socialist countries-with Japan, Australia, he United States and Russia chosen for each region, respectively....