This paper discusses the too-big-to-fail problem from the perspective of individual banks and the financial system as a whole. It starts by exploring the potential implications of recent financial deepening and concentration, which has generated escalating expectations of state support, thereby...

A potential cost of modern capital markets is short-termism, with agents in the financial intermediation chain weighing near-term outcomes too heavily at the expense of longer-term opportunities and thus forgoing valuable investment projects and potential output. This paper sets out an...