"), following endorsement by G10 bank supervisors. The Accord replaces the original accord agreed in July 1988 and implemented by …

period during which more than 1,300 banks failed. Bank failures are fundamentally important because of the unique role played … during this period. First, commercial real estate was only a factor in the bank failures of 1988-92. Second, construction … loans played a much larger role in bank failures than permanent loans, and the relationship is strongest with construction …

). This is attributed to the severe political intervention and weak incentives to follow prudent bank management practices for …

Today’s regulatory rules, especially the easily-manipulated measures of regulatory capital, have led to costly bank … failures. We design a robust regulatory system such that (i) bank losses are credibly borne by the private sector (ii …) systemically important institutions cannot collapse suddenly; (iii) bank investment is counter-cyclical; and (iv) regulatory …

creating counter-cyclical incentives for banks to raise capital, and so encourage bank lending in bad times. They avoid the …