function of the waste water charge with an increase in revenue to avoid putting the other funding targets of the revenue and …

Population aging challenges pay-as-you-go pension systems. Solving the associated funding problem constantly motivates … increasing financial burden of national finances. To ensure sustainable funding of pensions, the calculation formula of the …, which are not optimally used regarding the funding of public pensions. Simulations show that a variable demographic factor …

Abstract Funding and financing arrangements for railway infrastructure in Europe are often perceived as complex and … aims to present an overview of rail infrastructure funding and financing in Europe based on recent evidence, and draws … comparisons with the systems in the US and Japan. We also discuss a number of policy options to address the funding gap and ensure …

understanding of disruptive innovation and guidance for practitioners. It was found that funding decisions are mainly constrained by … to incrementalism, and overcome the funding barrier, with a holistic understanding delivered through graphical portfolio …

Objectives: To quantify randomness and cost when choosing health and medical research projects for funding. Design …,541. Conclusions: Allocating funding for scientific research in health and medicine is costly and somewhat random. There are many …

institutions with charitable agenda, they need to promote an image that will enhance their ability to attract the funding they …, where philanthropy is rapidly becoming an industry, and government funding is increasingly tied to performance, nonprofit … increase corporate sponsorship, and also depends on the government for funding. The organization has responded to society …

certain investment traits over others when funding new companies.The study examines three regions (the East Coast of the … firms in each region, I collected data on which funding components, or investment traits, the sampled respondents valued. To … increase the usefulness of my findings, I held constant the stage of funding for each surveyed firm. That is, when I compare …

on external funding sources. External funding has substantially increased at Finnish – and also UK – universities, and … currently in practice a major share of university research is conducted with external funding. This report relates the main … findings of a study that analysed the use of project-based research funding instruments at universities, most of which are …

The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the application and funding process at the National Institutes of … scientists for all NIH funding opportunities. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014 …