This article examined how initial job status following graduation affects the midlife outcomes and mental health of Japanese workers, using micro data from a nationwide Internet survey of 3,117 men and 2,818 women aged 30-60. The focus was the impact of initial job status on...

All people in Japan are covered by a basic pension. Currently, homemakers (Category 3 subscribers) make no contributions to the basic pension yet always receive full basic pensions. On the other hand, self-employed, non-regular employees, and unemployed people (Category 1) currently make...

There has been a growing concern about “Bad Start, Bad Finish (BS/BF)” issues in European countries for the last decade. Many young persons make a bad start to their working career and remain as atypical workers for long periods, being anticipated to reach retirement age with inadequate...